As Tropical Storm Melissa was churning off the coast of Haiti, meteorologist Philippe Papin had confidence it was about to escalate to a major tropical system.
Serving as primary meteorologist on duty, he predicted that in a single day the weather system would become a category 4 hurricane and begin a turn towards the coast of Jamaica. Not a single expert had previously made such a bold forecast for quick intensification.
But, Papin had an ace up his sleeve: AI technology in the guise of the tech giant’s new DeepMind cyclone prediction system – launched for the initial occasion in June. And, as predicted, Melissa did become a storm of remarkable power that tore through Jamaica.
Meteorologists are heavily relying upon the AI system. On the morning of 25 October, Papin clarified in his public discussion that the AI tool was a key factor for his confidence: “Approximately 40/50 Google DeepMind ensemble members indicate Melissa becoming a most intense storm. Although I am unprepared to forecast that strength at this time due to path variability, that is still plausible.
“It appears likely that a period of rapid intensification will occur as the system moves slowly over exceptionally hot sea temperatures which represent the highest oceanic heat content in the entire Atlantic basin.”
The AI model is the first AI model focused on hurricanes, and now the first to outperform traditional meteorological experts at their own game. Through all 13 Atlantic storms so far this year, the AI is top-performing – surpassing experts on path forecasts.
Melissa eventually made landfall in Jamaica at maximum intensity, one of the strongest landfalls recorded in nearly two centuries of data collection across the Atlantic basin. The confident prediction probably provided people in Jamaica extra time to get ready for the disaster, possibly saving lives and property.
The AI system operates through identifying trends that traditional time-intensive scientific weather models may overlook.
“They do it much more quickly than their traditional counterparts, and the computing power is less expensive and demanding,” said Michael Lowry, a ex meteorologist.
“What this hurricane season has demonstrated in short order is that the recent artificial intelligence systems are competitive with and, in some cases, more accurate than the less rapid physics-based forecasting tools we’ve traditionally leaned on,” Lowry said.
It’s important to note, the system is an example of machine learning – a technique that has been used in data-heavy sciences like weather science for a long time – and is not creative artificial intelligence like ChatGPT.
Machine learning takes mounds of data and pulls out patterns from them in a manner that its model only takes a few minutes to generate an answer, and can do so on a desktop computer – in strong contrast to the primary systems that authorities have used for decades that can take hours to process and require some of the biggest high-performance systems in the world.
Nevertheless, the reality that the AI could exceed previous top-tier legacy models so rapidly is nothing short of amazing to weather scientists who have dedicated their lives trying to predict the most intense weather systems.
“It’s astonishing,” said James Franklin, a retired expert. “The data is now large enough that it’s evident this is not a case of chance.”
Franklin said that although Google DeepMind is outperforming all competing systems on forecasting the trajectory of storms globally this year, like many AI models it occasionally gets high-end intensity predictions inaccurate. It had difficulty with Hurricane Erin earlier this year, as it was also undergoing quick strengthening to maximum intensity north of the Caribbean.
During the next break, he said he plans to talk with Google about how it can enhance the AI results even more helpful for forecasters by providing additional under-the-hood data they can use to assess exactly why it is coming up with its answers.
“The one thing that nags at me is that while these predictions appear really, really good, the output of the model is kind of a black box,” said Franklin.
Historically, no a private, for-profit company that has produced a high-performance forecasting system which allows researchers a view of its techniques – in contrast to nearly all other models which are offered free to the general audience in their entirety by the governments that designed and maintain them.
The company is not the only one in starting to use AI to solve challenging meteorological problems. The authorities are developing their respective artificial intelligence systems in the works – which have also shown better performance over previous non-AI versions.
The next steps in artificial intelligence predictions appear to involve startup companies tackling formerly difficult problems such as sub-seasonal outlooks and improved advance warnings of severe weather and sudden deluges – and they have secured federal support to pursue this. A particular firm, WindBorne Systems, is even launching its proprietary atmospheric sensors to address deficiencies in the US weather-observing network.
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Brian Hernandez
Brian Hernandez
Brian Hernandez
Brian Hernandez